Los Angeles And Chicago Angeles - 3155 Words

Los Angeles and Chicago are two American cities that have a long history with gang violence. In the 1940’s the city of Los Angeles was experiencing a significant boom in the African American and Latino populations. During this time, there was also a massive influx of Caucasians into the Los Angeles area. The Caucasians wanted to keep African Americans and Latinos who they called ‘Zoot Suiters’ out of their neighborhoods, so they formed a white gang called the ‘Spook Hunters’. The formation of the ‘Spook Hunters’ increased racial tensions in Los Angeles exponentially and caused a surge in violence between the white gang members and ethnic minorities. During this time period the Ku Klux Klan had an active presence in the white neighborhoods of Los Angeles which significantly increased racial tensions. In the 1950’s and 1960’s African American and Latino gangs expanded and became more territorial and violent. To this date gang related violence remains a constant in the day to day lives of Los Angeles residents. Chicago history of gangs begins in 1860’s with Caucasians of different ethnic backgrounds. A pivotal moment in race relations in Chicago occurred when Regan Colts, a white gang, drowned an African American boy in Lake Michigan on July 27th, 1919 (White 25). This incident led to the first racial riots in Chicago where gang members openly attacked each other. Since that incident Chicago has experienced ongoing gang violence. In fact in Chicago gang related violence appearsShow MoreRelatedNew York, Los Angeles And Chicago3008 Words   |  13 Pages Name: Course: Date: My Home Town Although USA has many different cities, in this discussion, we will be limited to three Cities i.e. New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. In the 3 cities we shall broadly discuss the growing up experience in each of the 3 states, strategic features and their staple foods. Finally, the New South Wales in Australia and London in UK would also be looked at. Lenape, an Algonquin who were hunters, fishers and farmers were the first natives of New York. As a result whenRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Chicago and Los Angeles Schools of Urbanism3113 Words   |  13 PagesEssay: Compare and Contrast the Chicago and Los Angeles Schools of Urbanism. Urban studies aims to develop an understanding the modern city metropolis. As Savage et al. have pointed out, the urban encompasses far more than just the physical city itself; understanding the city help us to understand many aspects of modern life (2003, pp.4). Many of its features, such as mass media and public transport systems have spread throughout society over the past century. Sociological studies of urban lifeRead MoreRacial Segregation Of Chicago And Explosive Gang Related Crime1671 Words   |  7 Pagesblocked† (Hagedorn 197). By doing the aforementioned the white gang’s behaviors have contributed to the racial segregation of Chicago and the explosive gang related crime in the present day south side of Chicago. Just like African Americans formed gangs to protect themselves against Chicago s white gangs, the Latin Kings formed in Chicago with the same intent. In Chicago Mr. Sanchez a member of the Latin Kings gang shared in an interview: How the Latin Kings were originally formed decades ago toRead MoreRelationship Between White And White Populations1263 Words   |  6 PagesAs the three largest cities in the United States, New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago are also epicenters of precipitous segregation. Even with the passage of federal law to curtail segregation and promote more integrated communities, conditions have only improved minimally – if at all – between 1980 and 2000. In New York, the indices of dissimilarity between different races have remained constant over this time period. Between white and black populations, for example, the index of dissimilarityRead MoreThe Unknown City Of Bronzeville Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pageswithin warfare manufacturing companies. Taking advantage of the Executive Order as well as the increase in employment, hundreds of African Americans left the farm life throughout the South and Midwest to relocate to the Westcoast. Little Tokyo in Los Angeles, conveniently located near major warfare factories and Union Station, faced a shift of population during the war. Meanwhile African Americans exodus from the South, Japanese Americans were forcefully relocated to confinement camps. African AmericansRead MorePolice Department And Agreed Oj973 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscovered the bodies. The bodies were identified as Nicole Brown Simpson, OJ ex wife and Ronald Goldman. At the time the LAPD had no suspects and no motives. OJ was contacted the next morning and agreed he would catch the next flight back to Los Angeles from Chicago. When he returned home there was a full investigation, with police tape around his front gate. Officers asked OJ to come with them to the Parker Center were they could ask him a series of questions. The officers failed to get any knowledgeRead MoreOPEMAN Grainger Distribution System1208 Words   |  5 Pagessuppliers produce products to Grainger’s specifications and ship to the United States using ocean freight carriers from four major ports in China and Taiwan. From these ports, product is shipped to U.S. entry ports in either Seattle, Washington, or Los Angeles, California. After passing through customs, the 20- and 40-foot containers are shipped by rail to Grainger’s central distribution center in Kansas City, Kansas. The containers are unloaded and quality is checked in Kansas City. From there, individualRead MoreThe Los Angeles County Federation Of Labor Ess ay1702 Words   |  7 Pages The start of the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Abstract The Los Angeles County Federation of Labor is a regional labor organization in the state of Los Angeles that has evolved representation of the interests of workers to include political involvement. Its formation was a function of political influence in labor and the relevance of merging labor movements to have better representations and high compulsion among leaders (Dean etRead MoreLakers Basketball Franchise818 Words   |  3 Pagesyou about some of the great players who played for the Lakers and also about the championships that they have won. The now Los Angeles Lakers began in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1947. During that same year of 1947, the Lakers acquired one of the top centers in the league at the time, George Mikan (â€Å"History† para. 1). Before Mikan played for the Lakers he played for the Chicago Gears where he earned sixty thousand dollars per year, which was the most of any player at the time (Rainbolt page. 12). GeorgeRead MoreThe Correlation between Crime and Poverty Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pageshave found higher homicide rates in areas with a greater degree of economic inequality and have found it to be a more significant component than poverty. Cities with higher rates of economic inequality are compared to those with less. New York and Los Angeles have wider gaps between the rich and poor than cities in less prosperous parts of the country like the Deep South. Relative deprivation is more psychological. It is the concept that there is a distinction between the quality of life of poor, middle

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1560 Words

Throughout the time of modern man, great conflicts have occurred. When man is placed in a position that is not natural, it can be difficult on a human’s mind to process events and deal with the effects on long term health of a person’s psychological. War is defined as conflict between two different groups of individuals. There are many reasons for why wars and other conflicts happen, but the warfighter has the greatest psychological burden placed on them. Over time understanding and acceptance on dealing with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has increase dramatically. Although PTSD can be associated with any event that a person develops a strong emotional response to a remembered event. Conflict environments have the greatness number of victims that suffer from PTSD symptoms. Increased awareness about PTSD, continuation of treatment, and choices of treatment therapies for victims suffering with PTSD will help suffering victims. Throughout the last decade the Unite d States military involvement conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, has put focus on the stress on mental health for returning military members who participated in conflict theater. Although PTSD is not a new phenomenon in the United States, every war that the country has participated in has had some version of the same mental disorder.The ancient Egyptians were some of the first to document the mental toll that war can take on a solider’s mental well being. Names like: Hysteria, Shell Shock, Combat StressShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesYim – Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war

Global Financial Crisis in 2008

Question: Describe about Global Financial Crisis in 2008. Answer: Introduction The most exceedingly awful budgetary emergency started in 1929 generally in United States and numerous different nations around the globe. Following 1929-second sovereign obligation emergency happened in 2008 took after by extraordinary rescission Hall (2010 ). "From US, the emergency spread to other European economies, particularly Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain, in this manner named PIIGS" (De Vogli, 2014). Patomaki (2009) characterizes as indicated by universal political perspective , worldwide money related emergency happened as a consequence of shortcoming in US fiscal strategy (p. 18). By the by a few governments and money related organizations around the globe were focus about what causes to monetary emergency 2008 and why declined in both value and obligation markets . In view of this, article expects to talk about two causes and one impact of worldwide money related emergency in 2008. The causes are genuine state air pocket and sub-prime home loans, while the imp act is wellbeing illnesses. Wrong desires from the speculators totally break the banks believing that the estimation of merchandise will drop on the off chance that they keep the relationship with the money related gatherings. Since the huge gloom in the 1930s, monetary emergencies have been an issue that the financial analysts are continually confronting and managing each and day. It has been a noteworthy impact on commercial enterprises and speculators since its begin. Some emergencies have happened in the course of recent years which have completely changed the economy of the influenced nations and areas. (C. Avery and P. Zemsky (1998) Various scholastics have uncovered that genuine state bubble adds to budgetary emergency 2008. Espresso (2009) expressed that in US lodging business sector was quickly diminishing by the swelling of air pocket (p. 5). The terms of "air pocket" can gap to two fundamental classifications, for example, low loan cost strategies and worldwide lopsidedness. Firstly, in 2001 government store rate was 6.5% as per FED's reaction, around then decrease it into by 1% in 2003 and had been all through the period. It serves to diminished financial aspects subsidences and obligation hazard. In 2002-2004 the FED stores expanded by 1% with the house purchasers under various arrangements. For instance demonstrates " Tax focal points, ideal conditions for destitute individuals to by houses et cetera". The house interest was expanded about this reason. Besides, house valuing was expanding with worldwide lopsided characteristics, which drove the development in loaning and world capital business sector. Co nsequently that is a greatest and current record deficiency in USA (US$811 billion, or 6.1% of GDP in 2006 (Okte , 2012, p. 86). Likewise evaluated monetary report (2005) demonstrates that genuine state bubble greater than the stock exchange rise in 1990s, Bochenek (2011). To total up these proof are clear that somewhere around 2001 and 2008 noteworthy increment took after for assets. The budgetary crises showed up in light of various reasons achieved by cash related foundations and the business division. Banks could offer fastly to a lot of money to the all inclusive community, and this incited taking off of house expenses. Bank credits had increased in just seven years as a result of an enormous measure of money disposed of into the economy (Jackson, J.K., 2010). Each period banks credits they makes fresh currency thusly the further periods they advanced out they make more currency and extend the commitment altitudes after some period of time. Once the financial institutions had that unlimited measure of currency, they totally place it to various fragments a long way from the business. The private and business range was the spot to banks rushed to when it came to contributing. About 50% of the currency used up was taken to the private assets and business area's that pressed up the household expenses and salaries. (Blessing, W. moreover, Wilson, G.K., 2012) Other than sub-prime home loan was a noteworthy reason for emergency, which put European and American economies stuck in an unfortunate situation. Central bank forced a higher expansion rate to build the government stores rate however this influenced the US economy in an extremely perilous way thus fast increment of premium extents and after that opening obligations for the benefit of a few sub-prime home loans were ended. Because of this, different mortgagors needed to pay most elevated remunerations and now and then they couldn't manage the cost of it. For instance, "these advances were expanded from US$52 billion in 2001 to more than US$400 billion in 2005 and 2006" (Okte, 2012, p. 84). The started circulate model, which was started amid the period before the emergency, successfully controlled the financing of sub-prime home loan. This permits an association to change over lodging obligation into home loan back security (MBS) and offer it also, Allen, Carletti and Okte (2012). In outline emergency steady and valuable the worldwide genuine economy.Sub-prime mortgage. The sub-prime home loan emergency was the biggest emergency which triumphed the country meanwhile after the emergency in the 1940s. Activated by the surprising lessening in household costs subsequently the households bubble fell facilitating in degrading of households confidences. These prompted contract abandonment and the decrease in private speculation. The sums the organizations would spend on the homes venture progressively diminished and obligations expanded (Fidrmuc, J. also, Korhonen, I., 2010). Enormous monetary foundations later fell in 2008 prompting an extraordinary hullabaloo in the stream of credit between money related gatherings. Numerous specialists have uncovered that illnesses significant impacts to budgetary emergency. For moment twenty-eight nations experience the ill effects of least one psychological wellness issue regarding the emergency. The Google Trends information found that caved in of Lehman Brothers in 2008 compared with an expansion in the limit of web inquiries connected to mental pain, "One rate point in home loan unfulfilled obligations and abandonments was connected with a 16% [95% CI 9%-24%] expansion in mental trouble questions" (Quigley , 2016) . So also 42 European Nations amid and before the immense retreat normal passing rates in suicides and self-caused wounds per 200,000 happened 2005 to 2015. Moreover, nations, for example, Spain which could be classified as low speculation nations, had a parallel circumstance amongst unemployment and suicide, yet this is not the circumstance in the socially unequivocally ensured nations as Sweden, where it happened in the other route round, expan sion of unemployment brought about the lessening of suicides, (De Vogli, 2014). In any case, proof, which demonstrate the financial subsidence, energize the decline in future and diminishment of mortality. Then again, subsidence have a tendency to diminish exposures to certain danger portions, as individuals have less discretionary money to spend on liquor and tobacco, and lower moderateness of transport may fabricate cycling or strolling. Be that as it may, much relies on upon the strategy relationship; for instance, when mass unemployment is combined with fundamental access to disreputable liquor, there might be expansive augmentations in risky drinking, as happened amidst the breakdown of the Soviet Union. Disregarding the way that dissent kept access to liquor amidst the Great Depression, regardless of the way that going from cirrhosis climbed promptly when it was drop, agreeing with cash related recuperation. A late diagram perceived a wide variety of reactions by European nations to the emergency. While two or three nations may have comprehends how to enhance ampleness without disabling access to associations, different accomplished a separating in access to mind. When all is said in done, this paper has dissected the two causes and one of the conspicuous effects of cash related crisis . That is clear athat these two causes significantly influenced the 2008 crisis, and the parts of the effect of prosperity awkward nature is still can be found in a segment of the European countries. As I might want to think, a cash related crisis won't happen not long from now. The influence of the budgetary catastrophe of 2008 took in the state and the globe. It contributed an amazing experience to acquire and transform. The business division has been unfaltering meanwhile after the disaster, and organization and other cash related foundations are attempting to regulate the business parts. Its influence on the budget left imperfections on the markets that work as a firm experience learned (Blankenburg, S. likewise, Palma, J.G., 2009) If the banks keep proceeding more money, and the amount of debtors growing the organization will put in some evaluates to hold t ight the crisis that may happen. References Bochenek, P. (2011). The speculation bubble on the real estate market in the USA in view of selected overinvestment theories. eFinanse, 7(1), 73+. Blankenburg, S. and Palma, J.G., 2009. Introduction: the global financial crisis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(4), pp.531-538. Berkmen, S.P., Gelos, G., Rennhack, R. and Walsh, J.P., 2012. The global financial crisis: Explaining cross-country differences in the output impact. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(1), pp.42-59. De Vogli, R. (2014). The financial crisis, health and health inequities in Europe: the need for regulations, redistribution and social protection. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13, 58.

Volcanoes free essay sample

A study on the causes and effects of volcanic eruptions. This paper examines the causes of eruptions and the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Volcanoes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also studies the effects of volcanic eruptions on people and the environment. It concludes with a discussion on recent eruptions in Hawaii and on the island of Montserrat. Volcanoes are mountains that are created by an accumulation of materials that erupt through vents. Most volcanoes are beneath the sea but the volcanoes that most people are aware of are above sea level. The Smithsonian Institution reports that there are 1511 active above-sea volcanoes during the past 10,000 years. Five hundred and thirty-nine of these have erupted at least once during recorded history. An average fifty-five above-sea volcanoes worldwide are active in any given year; about half of these are continuations of eruptions from previous years, and the rest are new.(Volcano) The purpose of this discussion is to examine why eruptions occur and the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions. We will also explore the effects of volcanic eruptions on people and the environment. Finally we will discuss recent eruptions in Hawaii and on the island of Montserrat.

We Find The Defendant Guilty Of All Charges! Essays -

"We find the defendant guilty of all charges!" Romeo and Juliet Essay It is known that in Shakespeare's tragedies main characters die in the end, and in his comedies people marry. Since Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy, Romeo and Juliet are going to die in the end. Some events have to lead to their deaths, and someone makes these events happen. The person(s) who started it all and did something that led to all the other events that caused the death of "a pair of star-crossed lovers" (Prologue, 6). The Capulets and Montagues would be most responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet because if their ancestors didn't start the fighting, and they didn't continue it, nothing terrible would have happened. The first lines of the book tell us about the hate and envy between the two houses. Choir: "Two households, both alike in dignity,/. . ./From ancient grudge to new mutiny," (Prologue, 1-3). The choir tells us that the whole conflict started a long time ago with really little things, and then grew into huge fights involving many people. No leader of either household ever though about making peace, they were all too busy to spoil everything for the rival family. Only after the death of their children they realized how wrong they were. (Their hate reminds me of Holocaust, when Nazis hated and killed Jews for no particular reason at all, only because they were of a different religion. That kind of hate just makes me mad.) Romeo and Juliet first meet each other at a party at the Capulets' house. They fall in love with each other at the first sight without knowing that they are from rival houses, and when they do learn about it, it is too late. Juliet says: "My only love, sprung from my only hate!/Too early seen unknown, and known too late!" (I, v, 147-148). Juliet realizes that it was a mistake to fall in love with Romeo, because he is one of the people she should watch out for. He is her first and only love, but he is an enemy of her family. Luckily for Romeo, Juliet is smart, and such dumb thing as unreasonable hate between their parents wouldn't stop her from loving Romeo and getting married with him. She is sorry that their families are enemies, though, because everything would be much easier if they weren't. So this is the first time when the hate between Capulets and Montagues becomes an obstacle to Romeo and Juliet's happiness. Only after their children die, do the Montague and Capulet come to their senses. The Prince accuses them of killing Romeo and Juliet: ". . . Capulet, Montague,/See what a scourge is laid upon your hate,/That heavens finds means to kill your joys with love!" (V, iii, 304-306). The Prince makes them see how wrong they were all the time, that all because of their hate, because they couldn't let their children love each other, Romeo and Juliet died. After that, Capulet and Montague make peace, and Montague even says that he will make a gold statue of Juliet, but what is that going to do, it is too late, nothing will bring their children back. It is totally Capulets' and Montagues' fault that Romeo and Juliet died. If they didn't hate each other so much, they would let their children marry, and they would be able to live happily ever after. There was only one person that realized how unreasonable the fighting was and even tried to stop it, and he was Benvolio. Benvolio was a Montague, but the Capulets didn't have a peacemaker such as Benvolio. They only had Tybalt, whose only goal was to destroy all the Montagues. Also we don't really know how Romeo and Juliet's parents would have reacted if they had known that their children love each other. Romeo and Juliet didn't even try to tell them about love between them because they were afraid that their parents wouldn't understand them, but maybe they would. The problem is, we don't know, because Capulet and Montague learned about their children's love when they were already dead. It is still mostly Capulets' and Montagues' fault that Romeo and Juliet died, but maybe

Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay Example

Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay Example Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Paper Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Paper Essay Topic: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Symbolization in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Symbolism is a literary technique used in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight to give a deeper significance to the plot. The poem is littered with symbolisms. The symbols juxtapose one another and provide structure and symmetry within the story. The symbolisms also have specific historical context that adds to the story line and influences how the reader interprets the poem. Sir Gawain’s pentangle on his shield and the acceptance of the girdle from Lord Bertilak’s lady are two of the most prominent symbols presented to us in this authors tale. The pentangle painted in pure gold on Sir Gawain’s shield and embroidered on his shawl can be seen as a symbol of Gawain’s perfection and power over evil. According to Garald Morgan, â€Å"Gawain’s courtesy is associated with his virtue in the symbolic device of the pentangle in his shield. † (Morgan 770) The poet uses 46 lines to describe the meaning of the pentangle. No other symbol in the poem is described in such detail. Such a long explanation seems out of place in a poem full of fast-paced action, beheadings and temptations. The narrator acknowledges this but proceeds to delve into his description after establishing a disclaimer: â€Å"And why the pentangle was appropriate to that prince I intend now to say, though it will stall our story. † (Armitage 623-4) This passage alerts the reader to pay attention; the symbolic meaning of the pentangle is important to a proper understanding of the narrators message. The poet illustrates the pentangle as a symbol of faithfulness and an â€Å"endless knot† saying, â€Å"It suits this soldier in his spotless armor/fully faithful in five ways five times over. (Armitage 631) The five points of the pentangle represent five virtues attributed to Gawain. Gawains life at this point is the perfect application of the virtues the pentangle signifies. The poet states, â€Å"the figure is a five-pointed star and each line overlaps and links with the last so it is ever eternal,† (Armitage 627) and then goes on to say, â€Å"So these five sets of five were fixed in this knight, each linked to the last through the endless line† The pentangle is a unity in which all parts are interrelated just as the spiritual, moral and social qualities are united in Gawain. In the poet’s account of the â€Å"five sets of five† he specifies the spiritual, moral and social virtues that constitute the pentangle by including religious faith in lines 642-643 and the operation of the senses in line 640. The first attributes mentioned in the â€Å"five sets of five† is being flawless in the five senses and his five fingers never being at fault. According to Morgan’s interpretation of the poem he states, â€Å"From the poet’s attribution to his hero of perfection in the five senses it would seem that we are to understand that Gawain does not sin through mere sensual gratification† (Morgan 774). What he is saying is, Gawain is able to appropriately control his sensitive desires by reason. Next, the five wounds of Christ and the five joys of Mary specify religious dimension. This appeal to faith symbolized by the pentangle is not at all out of the ordinary as we can see from other works of this time; â€Å"the appeal of metaphor and symbol was especially strong in a time that not only drew on the treasuries of the Christian tradition and classical literature and mythology, but invented the new â€Å"sign- language† which was one of its real innovations. † (Bruce 15) These aspects of Gawain’s chivalry are the source of his courage. A lot of attention is given to this, suggesting that, â€Å"courage is a significant element in the moral scheme of the poem† (Morgan 775). The fifth set of five presents five virtues: fraunchyse or friendship, felawshyp or fraternity, clannes or purity, cortaysye or politeness and pite or pity; all of which have a specific social extension in the poem. That is to say, the five qualities are relevant to the subsequent events of the poem. Following the beheading test at the Green Chapel, Gawain accuses himself of â€Å"cortayse† and â€Å"cowarddyse† for his acceptance of the girdle. As translated by Simon Armitage, he says, â€Å"A curse upon cowardice and covetousness† (Armitage 2374). He claims the girdle as his downfall stating, â€Å"I gave into greed, and in doing so forgot the fidelity and kindness which every knight knows† (2380-1). We see Gawain’s failing in friendship and fraternity with his failed loyalty to Bertilak by accepting the girdle. According to Conor McCarthy’s interpretation, fraunchyse and felawshyp are linked on the pentangle because â€Å"it is in these two senses that Gawain will fail in his quest. (McCarthy 299) In this context then, it could be said that clannes and cortaysye are paired together because Gawain succeeds in preserving both qualities, despite temptation. The final quality attributed to Gawain is pite, translated as pity by Armitage. The word pite is rather ambiguous, and although Armitage translates it as pity, meaning compassion (an important attribute for a chivalric knight), it seams as a w hole that piety, meaning moral virtue or faithfulness, is a better fit for the poem. Piety draws us back to Gawain’s religious faith which in a sense links the other four qualities. Not only is the pentangle a symbol in itself clearly described by the poet, it is also often times linked as a symbol to magical traditions. The Gawain poet states, â€Å"It is a symbol that Solomon once set in place† (Armitage 625). Some scholars claim that the pentangle had magical defense against evil spirits. This could be supported by the inclusion of Solomon in the poem. Solomon, the third king of Isreal, in 10th century BC, was said to have the mark of the pentagram on his ring, which he received from Archangel Michael. The ring was said to give Solomon power over demons. The reason why the pentangle, in popular superstitions, has come to be adopted as a mystical symbol to ward off evil is not hard to see when we consider other medieval symbolism. The number five itself is deeply significant in medieval numerology. V. F. Hopper points out how important numbers were in medieval thought. He states that numbers were deeply rooted in medieval thought â€Å"not as mathematical tools, nor as the counters in a game, but as fundamental realities, alive with memories and eloquent with meaning† (Hopper viii). According to Hopper, the most potent numbers in magic appear to have been three, four, five seven and nine. Of the number â€Å"five† he states as a â€Å"holy† number in the east. The number five was also said to be â€Å"incorruptible by virtue of its reoccurrence in multiplication† (Kitely 45). The question of how the magical side of the pentangle affects one’s reading of the poem is important to look at. Also important to question is why the poet focuses on the moral aspects of the pentangle and not the magical ones. Kitely notes, â€Å"Gawain sets out to meet a magical creature of unknown power†¦he is a creature of malignant magic. What more suitable device could Gawain, therefore, bear than the five pointed pentangle†¦Gawain therefore leaves with the dual moral-magical defense of the pentangle. Superstition and philosophy are equally satisfied† (Kitely 47). The poet reveals through the poem that magic of itself is insufficient to combat against another species of magic. Kitely says, â€Å"Paradoxally, the poet has revealed that he was after all, correct to focus on the moral and religious side of the pentangle. (Kitely 49) If Gawain had placed total reliance on this thought, then he would have been unscathed. The pentangle might have seemed like a dual symbol of defense, but it is ultimately only reliable in its moral defense. Medieval audiences who knew of the magical association might have been left feeling that only total reliance on Christian virtue would help when faced with uncertainty in medieval times. Kitely affirms saying, â€Å"In the poem, as it stands, the magical side of the pentangle serves to underline the basic moral themes. (Kitely 50) It seems that rather than clashing with the moral side, the magical aspect emphasizes the poet’s attitude towards superstition and a reliance on aids other than Christian virtue, as we see costly toward Gawain. There is an ingenious symmetry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and can be seen prominently between the pentangle and the green girdle. The poet spends 46 lines carefully, and almost laboriously, expounding the symbolism of the pentang le and yet he says nothing explicitly about the girdle. Its symbolic value is simply what Gawain assigns it and what the reader believes it to be. Jan Solomon calls the girdle â€Å"the thematic and symbolic nexus of the poem† (Solomon 274). The girdle is a tangible object upon which the climax of the poem focuses. The girdle unites two major plot lines, the temptation and the beheading game, and yet the girdle remains somewhat of a debated mystery. The anonymity of the author has allowed more latitude for scholars to make it what they will. Some scholars such as Roger Loomis (pg. 154) and Larry Benson (pg. 40) believe the girdle to be a â€Å"love token†. Martin Stevens however, contests references to the girdle as a â€Å"sexual symbol† or â€Å"sexual trophy† (Stevens 77). He believes such descriptions arise from confusing the medieval girdle with the modern undergarment. According to the medieval dictionary, a girdle is â€Å"a belt worn around the waist, used for fastening clothes or for carrying a sword, purse, etc. † Considering the girdles importance in the poem it is a good idea to fully understand the nature and meaning of the girdle more precisely. This will provide a better conception of what the girdle really was and what it symbolized and should affect how one reads the poem. We can all concede that the girdle is a belt of some sort. We see it then as an accessory. Originally, however, the girdle was not worn for warmth or ornament but as a magical binding either as a protective amulet or sign of the individual’s mystical incorporation into a social group. Later leaves or cloth panels were attached for modesty’s sake. Wilhelm Wundt states, â€Å"the celtic use of champion belts among the Greeks and Semites, even the Church’s corona of tonsure, derive from the principle of binding or encircling as magically promoting divine protection and positive good fortune† (Wundt 86) This is true in other parts of the ancient world as well. The wrapping of the toga by the Romans can also be seen as a species of engirdling magic. Zoroastrians had a similar custom; at the initiation rite by which a Cathar became a perfectus, the initiate was â€Å"girt† about the body with a thread, which was called his garment. (Onians 453) The girdles magic can even be seen in the Bible when God has Jeremiah carry out with his linen girdle to demonstrate that â€Å"as the girdle clingeth to the loins of men, so have I cause to cleave unto the house of Judah† (XIII 1-11) and in Isaiah’s prediction â€Å"And the Righteous shall be the girdle of his loins and faithfulness the girdle of his reins† (XI. ). These passages have been analyzed by Onians: â€Å"God and medicine man use the same means and no less in blessing than in cursing† (Onians 367). The girdle, as one can see, in some form or another is littered throughout pre medieval history and literature. The archaic magical force of girdling continued then into the Middle Ages. Male girdles began to represent sovereignty, authority and power. Freidman and Osberg state, â€Å"To get someone’s head under your girdle meant to conquer him† (Freidman and Osberg 304). A vassal, or one who entered into mutual obligations with a monarch, was supposed to take off his belt in the presence of his suzerain, or superior. From Roman times to medieval romances foot soldiers surrendered by unfastening the cords around their hips which held up their undergarments. The woman’s girdles on the other hand, involve somewhat different magical and symbolic associations. The girdle of Ishtar, the goddess of fertility, love, war and sex, became a girdle of fertility. When she unfastened it in the underworld, the earth became infertile. The most famous of all girdles, the cestus of Aphrodite-Urania, became as early as Homer a â€Å"gurdel of lecherie†, excluding all enticements of lust. (Freidman and Osberg 304) It also is seen frequently in medieval and Renaissance poetry. The proponent girdle was the maiden’s sash or belt. According to Freidman and Osberg, it was â€Å"an amulet to preserve by advertising the virginity of the wearer, it was credited with, among other things, holding wolves at bay† (Freidman and Osberg). Another instance of the girdle can be found in religious legends as such: the maiden rescued by Lydgate’s St. George was able to lead the dragon into the city by her girdle. The girdle was also seen as a husband’s trophy, suggestive of the sexual act and fertility and a pledge of marital chastity. Interestingly enough, in medieval England prostitutes were forbidden to wear girdles of any sorts. Now, with all of that history at the forefront we have to ask; what fashion of girdle was the one Gawain received from Bertilak’s lady and what did it symbolize? Can this question even be answered or is it to be left to the readers’ interpretation? The connotations of the girdle explain why the lady wanted Gawain to conceal it from her husband and why Gawain finds her request completely legitimate. Gawain felt justified in concealing it for upon showing it to Bertilak, he would surely think things that never were. Gawain’s overriding reason for keeping the girdle was to preserve his own life and to level the playing ground with the Green Knight. The magical connotations of the girdle strengthen his rationalizations. By an understandably devious process, the girdle becomes exclusively associated in Gawain’s mind with the adventure of the Green Chapel, not as a relevant item in the exchange agreement, which is just a game. The girdle complicates the motivating impulses and refracts the lines of moral action. With the acceptance and concealment of the girdle Gawain is removed from the unnatural category of systematic perfection, as symbolized by the pentangle, and brought into the reach of human relatability. According to Friedman and Osberg, â€Å"his final succumbing to the lady’s wiles to the extent of accepting the girdle, retrospectively soils the resolute but polite skill with which he had parried her onslaught up to that event† (Friedman and Osberg 312). The possession of the girdle, even though it is left ambiguous how much Gawain really trusts the magic of it, could be seen to undercut his bravery. Although it could also be said that it is no more cowardly than relying on the pentangle to give him strength. Aside from the connotations associated with the girdle, the fashion in which Gawain wears it is also important to discuss. It is easy to fall into the error of believing that the girdle is concealed under his armor when he leaves the castle. We are deceived by the fact that Gawain initially conceals it from Bertilak. Gawain, in fact, wears it on the outside. The poet explains that he wraps himself with the girdle after he clothes himself with his coat which was emblazed with the pentangle. He wraps it over his coat, which is a symbol of his parting from the virtues of the pentangle. Spiritually and physically the girdle superseded the pentangle. Gawain wearing it in sight also shows his reliance on the magical symbol of the girdle. As Gawain sets out for the Chapel he notably displays is to bring the magical influence into play. This indicates that he does have some faith in the girdle’s magical implications, though these implications prove to be trumped in the end just like those of the pentangle. There is symbolic polarity between the image of the pentangle and the image of the girdle given to Gawain by Bertilak’s wife in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The pentangle or â€Å"endless knot† illustrates Gawain’s virtuous perfection and the girdle becomes an indication of the knight’s lapse of perfection. There is however a significant link between the two symbols. Both of the figures’ definitions change by the end of the poem. The shield and the girdle are real objects and function in the poem as living articulate symbols dynamically paired. The pentangle evokes the chivalric ideal. In the beginning, when Gawain sets out on his quest, the pentangle is emblematic of his knightly virtue. He is seen as a flawless knight. Gawain embarks on his adventure and along the way deviously accepts a girdle from Lord Bertilak’s lady. Upon his meeting with the Green Knight at the Chapel, his blunder is revealed and the girdle becomes emblematic of his fault. The whole movement of the story hangs upon his yielding to temptation, accepting the girdle, and having his failing revealed to him. When we reach this point the poem is shifted and the meaning behind the two symbols is altered. The pentangles â€Å"endless knot† is seemingly broken. In desperation to save his own life, we see Gawain fail in friendship and fraternity, two parts of the pentangle that are placed together. The pentangle, which once symbolized his faithfulness and honor, is broken and morphed into a reminder of his shortcomings. The girdle, on the other hand, starts out as a symbol of Gawain’s imperfection and fault. When Bertilak reveals himself as the Green Knight and confronts Gawain for the acceptance of his wife’s girdle, Gawain says, â€Å"My downfall and undoing; let the devil take it† about the girdle. The girdle is a sign of Gawain’s sin. On his homeward journey Gawain wears the girdle across his chest and knotted at the hip. When he arrives back in Camelot he recounts his trip to the Green Chapel and describes the girdle as a band of shame. King Arthur and the rest of the court laughs and provides comfort to lift their noble knight. The girdle changes to a symbol of honor. It is redefined by the collective as a symbol of greatness. Collectively the brotherhood had the power to bear the shame and wear the girdle as a symbol of nobility. Sir Gawain’s pentangle on his shield and the girdle given to him by Bertilak’s wife are two of the most prominent symbols presented to us in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The pentangle’s appropriateness to Gawain is outlined in an explanation of its fivefold symbolism. The author goes to great lengths to illustrate the importance of the pentangle. The pentangle in its self is a symbol of Christian perfection. Also, it would have magical implications to the readers familiar with medieval superstition. Knowing the â€Å"other† characterization of the pentangle can change how the reader perceives the text. The girdle also has magical and historical connotations that affect the way the poem is read; proving that the history behind certain aspects of the poem was important to the poet’s overall moral of the story. The one question that remains is; if the girdle is so important to the poem, then why does the poet go to the painstaking lengths to lay out the symbol of the pentangle, but leave the meaning of the girdle open to our interpretation? The symbol of the pentangle is artificial and therefore must be meticulously defined, whereas the meaning of the girdle defines itself in the eyes of the reader. The two symbols are juxtaposed throughout the poem and their meanings oppose each other to provide a symbolic representation of the moral of the story. That is, human reality is not pure Christian perfection, neither is it absolute shame on those who sin, but it is found somewhere in between.

Marketing Research for Yelp in the Brazilian Market Term Paper

Marketing Research for Yelp in the Brazilian Market - Term Paper Example If you feel that any of the steps mentioned in the proposal contradict with your expectations, kindly notify us so that we may be able to make the relevant modification on a timely basis. BACKGROUND: Yelp is planning to provide its services to the Brazilian users regarding Brazilian markets and this research report would assist Yelp in initiating its operations in Brazil. The research report would include a comprehensive study of various factors that will help the organization understand the manner in which Brazilian businesses operate and the ways in which it can engage the Brazilian users. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research is to ensure whether it would be feasible for Yelp to start operating in Brazil. The research report would provide the factors that are responsible for the success of Yelp in other territories and an analysis of the fact whether those factors would be feasible in Brazil. The findings of the research report would assist Yelp in understanding the environment of Brazilian markets and modifying its strategy for entering in the Brazilian market accordingly. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The research methodology to be followed would consist of primary research and secondary research. In primary research, the relevant information would be acquired directly from the users, while in secondary research, the information already available from different sources would be analyzed and it would be determined whether such information can be utilized for the purposes of this research. The primary research would be conducted through the use of online surveys using the social networking sites and questionnaires at different markets in Brazil. A set of questions would be designed that would focus on the attitude of the users towards a service like Yelp in Brazil. The surveys and questionnaires would include questions that would help the research team analyze their response towards such a service. In this manner, it would be found out whether the users anticipate the services provided by Yelp in Brazil or not. The questionnaire would be simple in order to ens ure a higher response rate. The following would be the key information to be acquired through the questionnaires: 1. What are users overall perceptions and attitudes towards the services like the ones provided by Yelp? 2. How users view Yelp as compared to other such websites in Brazil. 3. Understanding the attitude of the users by understanding the cultural specifics that are most common in Brazil. 4. The factors that the users like and dislike regarding the markets of Brazil and how a service like Yelp would help them decide where to shop and where not to. 5. What the users in Brazil know about Yelp, what they like about its services and what do they dislike about it. The secondary research would include the analysis of market researches already conducted by other organizations or independent researchers. It would